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From beasts we scorn as soulless,

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in forest, field and den,

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the cry goes up to witness,

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the soullessness of men.

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The images contained in this
film are not isolated cases.

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All material, unless stated otherwise,
was filmed in Australia, but in

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most cases, represents the industry
standards across the western world.

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Most people consider
themselves animal lovers.

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We recognise them not as objects

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but as complex beings with
whom we share the planet,

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our lives,

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our homes.

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We take pleasure from their pleasure,

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we anguish over their pain

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celebrating their intelligence
and individuality

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as we welcome them into our families,

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or revere them in their natural element.

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The thought of unnecessarily causing them
harm or suffering, is to many, unbearable.

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So for those who feed,
clothe or entertain us,

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we choose to follow a
narrative that minimises

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or altogether eliminates
their suffering.

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The picturesque family farm and
the iconic, loving farmer.

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A humane and painless end, a small price
happily paid for a life well lived.

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An arrangement of mutual benefit.

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Hidden by this narrative,
out of sight, out of mind,

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they cease to be individuals,
most known only as livestock,

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faceless units of production in a
system of incomprehensible scale,

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exempt from the cruelty laws that
protect our companion animals.

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Their suffering
unseen and unheard.

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Their value determined only by
their usefulness to humankind,

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rationalised by a belief
in our own superiority

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and the notion that
might equals right.

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A notion that must be questioned.

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Aussie Farms
presents

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An Empire Project film

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Written, directed, edited and produced by

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Assistant Director

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Narrated by

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Original music by

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Principal photography

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Co-producer

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Primary investigators

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Assistant producers

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Executive producers

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Executive producers

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Executive producers

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Executive producers

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Executive producers

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Executive producers

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Executive producers

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Executive producers

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Executive producers

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Associate producers

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Associate producers

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Associate producers

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Associate producers

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Associate producers

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Pigs

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Used for food, entertainment, research

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In the 1960s, there were around
50,000 pig farms in Australia.

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Today, there are less than 1400,

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and yet the total number of pigs bred
and slaughtered for food has increased.

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As of 2015, 49 farms housed 60% of
the country’s total pig population.

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Most pigs bred for food begin
life in a farrowing crate,

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a small pen with a central cage,

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designed to allow the piglets
to feed from their mother, the sow,

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while preventing her from moving around.

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The frequency of stillborn
or mummified piglets

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generally increases with each litter
as the sows’ bodies become less

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capable of handling the large litter
sizes encouraged by the industry.

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10-18% of piglets who are born alive
won’t make it until weaning age,

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succumbing to disease,
starvation or dehydration,

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or being accidentally crushed
by their trapped mothers.

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Included in the death toll
are the runts of the litter,

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who are considered economically
unviable and killed by staff.

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Those who survive the first few days
are mutilated without pain relief,

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their tails and teeth cut
to reduce cannibalism…

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and pieces cut from their ears, or tags
punched in, as a means of identification.

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They are taken from their
mothers at 3-5 weeks of age.

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Most are destined for slaughter
around 5 months later.

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As they age, they are moved into grower
pens, crowded together in their own waste.

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Some female pigs are kept on to replace
the sows in the breeding cycle,

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carefully selected for their perceived
ability to produce large litters.

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Most pig farms utilise artificial
insemination rather than natural mating,

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as it allows them to impregnate up to
30-40 female pigs from a single boar.

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Workers collect the semen
by masturbating the boars,

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then insert it into the sows via a
raised catheter known as a pork stork.

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Boars are still physically used to excite
the females prior to insemination,

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but are prevented from actually mating.

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When confirmed pregnant, the sow is moved
into one of two types of confined housing

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for the entirety of her 16 week gestation.

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Sow stalls are individual cages in
which, like in the farrowing crates,

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sows are only able to take one or
two steps forwards or backwards

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and are unable to turn around.

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While gradually being phased out by the
majority of piggeries in Australia,

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sow stalls remain entirely legal with no
penalties for keeping sows confined to them

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for longer than the
voluntary limit of 5 days.

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This is similar to the apparent “ban”
on sow stalls in the European Union

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which actually allows up to 4
weeks in them per pregnancy.

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When given the choice, pigs
will relieve themselves

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 far away from where they sleep and eat.

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The extreme confinement takes
a heavy psychological toll.

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The alternative, group housing,

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sees pregnant pigs packed
into small concrete pens.

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A lack of space and stimuli can cause
the pigs to become aggressive.

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Those who fall into the effluent
system through gaps in the flooring

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are left to starve or drown
in the river of waste.

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A week before they are due to give birth,

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they’re moved into the
farrowing crate cages,

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where they’ll remain for
the next 4-6 weeks.

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Unable to exercise, the sow’s
muscles will weaken to the point

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where she has difficulty
standing up or lying down…

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To minimise muscle wastage, workers will
force her to stand up at least once daily.

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She’ll develop pressure sores
from the hard surfaces…

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Or prolapses and infections
from the physical strain

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of repeated farrowing and poor conditions…

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… which can also lead to partial paralysis,

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preventing her from reaching the food
and water at the front of her cage…

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… or can even lead to death in the cage.

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She’ll watch helplessly as her
piglets fall ill and die,

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or get mutilated and abused by workers
until they are taken away from her.

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She’ll endure this cycle
four times over two years

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before she’s replaced
and sent to slaughter,

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or killed and dumped on site.

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The term “bred free range” simply means
that pigs are born outside in small huts,

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but then spend the rest
of their lives in sheds,

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facing the same overcrowding, health and
behavioural issues as at any pig farm,

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whilst being knee deep in their own waste.

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Capable of living 10-12 years, most
pigs are killed at just 5-6 months old,

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packed onto transportation
trucks at the piggery

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and driven often long distances
to the slaughterhouse

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without food, water or protection
from extreme heat or cold.

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At the slaughterhouse they’ll wait in
small concrete or metal holding pens,

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typically overnight, still without food
and with limited or no access to water.

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In the morning, they are forcefully
herded to the kill floor,

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often with an electric prodder.

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The most common method of stunning
and killing pigs in Australia,

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used at all major pig abattoirs and touted
as the most “humane” and efficient option,

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is the carbon dioxide gas chamber.

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A system of rotating cages lowers the
fully-conscious pigs two or three at a time

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into the heavily
concentrated gas,

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which begins to burn their eyes,
nostrils, sinuses, throat and lungs

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while suffocating them.

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Lower concentrations of carbon dioxide
would cause less pain and stress,

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but would take much longer to
render the pigs unconscious,

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making it economically unviable.

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Sows are sent into the chamber
gondolas one at a time.

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Because of their size, the
gas is less effective,

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with some emerging partly conscious,

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in which case they may also be
electrically stunned afterwards.

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Tipped out the other
side of the chamber,

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the pigs’ throats are cut
and they are bled out.

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Electrical stunning, used
at smaller slaughterhouses,

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has a much higher chance of failure.

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Incorrect amperage, positioning of the
stunner, or length of time applied,

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or failing to cut the
throat quickly enough,

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can lead to the pig being merely
paralysed and unable to move

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while still capable
of feeling pain,

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or regaining consciousness
while bleeding out.

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Blinking and rhythmic breathing are
strong indicators of consciousness.

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One by one, they are picked
off in front of each other.

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Captive bolt pistols are another option
used by smaller slaughterhouses.

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The penetrative variety fire a rod
through the skull of the animal

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to permanently damage their brain,

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preventing them from
regaining consciousness,

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while non-penetrative bolt pistols deliver
blunt force trauma much like a hammer.

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Effective stunning requires the
gun to be angled and positioned

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at the correct part of the head,

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which is often difficult if
the head is not restrained.

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Having witnessed their litter
mates being killed before them,

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or being able to smell
the blood on the floor,

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they are reluctant to
enter the knockbox.

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The bolt gun is even less effective
on larger pigs, like sows.

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For them, a rifle may be
used as an alternative.

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In this case, accuracy
is even more difficult.

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After they’ve been bled out, pigs are
dropped into tanks of scalding water

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in order to soften their skin
and remove bristles and hair.

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Those who haven’t been stunned and
killed properly finally die by drowning.

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The waste products – the skins,
bones, hoofs, guts and fat –

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are trucked to the rendering
plant to be turned into lard

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for use in food, soaps,
lubricants and biofuel,

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or into other products like gelatine.

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Wild pigs were introduced to
Australia with the First Fleet,

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and now occupy around 40
percent of the country,

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mainly in Queensland and New South Wales.

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The practice of “pig dogging” involves
hunters releasing aggressively trained dogs

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to track, chase and maul live pigs,

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keeping them pinned down

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until the hunters are able to catch
up and finish them off with a knife.

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Despite wild pigs being
declared a pest animal,

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it’s not uncommon for hunters to release
young piglets into national parks

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so that they can return later to hunt them.

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Egg-laying hens

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Used for food

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For egg-laying hens, life
begins at the hatchery.

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Eggs collected from the parent birds are
stored, incubated and hatched over 31 days.

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The male and female chicks are
sorted onto separate conveyor belts.

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Here at Australia’s largest hatchery,
they’ve been genetically modified

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to make the males a different colour than
the females, allowing for quick sorting.

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Unable to ever produce eggs themselves

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and a completely different breed
to the chickens used for meat,

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the male chicks are
considered waste products,

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as are any females perceived
to be deformed or weak.

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They are sorted onto a separate
conveyor belt from the healthy females

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in their first day of life, and sent into
an industrial blender called a macerator.

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This practice is legal and referred
to as humane by the RSPCA.

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Smaller hatcheries may
use carbon dioxide gas

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00:24:55,247 --> 00:24:58,014
or simply suffocate the
chicks in plastic bags.

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All commercial egg farms -

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caged, barn laid, free range,
organic, RSPCA-approved -

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involve the killing of male chicks,

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to a total of roughly 12
million per year in Australia.

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Meanwhile, the healthy females continue
on to painful debeaking machines.

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00:25:30,668 --> 00:25:34,061
Hens are debeaked to minimise the
harm they can do to each other

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 in the confinement of egg farms.

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00:25:41,707 --> 00:25:45,858
The chicks are then stacked in trays
and trucked to pullet rearing farms,

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where they’ll remain for 4 months
until they begin laying eggs.

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A small number of males will
be spared the macerator

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in order to serve with a selection
of hens as parent birds,

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laying and fertilising the
eggs for the hatchery.

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The other hens are sent out to
egg farms across the country.

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Around two-thirds of the 18 million layer
hens at any given time in Australia

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are housed in battery cages.

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Each shed can contain up to 100,000
hens, with between 4 and 20 per cage,

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each hen afforded a space smaller
than a A4 sheet of paper.

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They are unable to stretch their wings
or express any natural behaviours

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such as dust bathing,
perching or foraging.

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Due to decades of genetic
manipulation and selective breeding,

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they lay an egg almost every day
for a total of up to 330 per year,

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compared to the 10-15 that
a wild hen would lay.

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As they age, the poor environment and
physical stress of frequent egg-laying

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takes a toll on their health, indicated by
the gradual loss of all of their feathers

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and an increasingly pale
comb suggesting anaemia.

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Deaths inside the cages are common,

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and due to the size of the facilities can
be easily missed for long periods of time

236
00:27:27,268 --> 00:27:30,828
forcing the surviving hens to live
on top of the rotting carcasses.

237
00:27:31,617 --> 00:27:36,460
Newer cage systems collect the faeces
onto conveyor belts beneath the cages,

238
00:27:36,525 --> 00:27:39,431
while older systems allow
it to pile up underneath.

239
00:27:44,877 --> 00:27:49,877
Birds who manage to escape the cages
are left to die in these manure pits.

240
00:27:53,525 --> 00:27:58,042
At 18 months of age, after living in the
cage for over a year, their egg production

241
00:27:58,067 --> 00:28:01,267
will have slowed significantly
enough to be considered “spent”.

242
00:28:01,549 --> 00:28:05,790
They are “depopulated” – pulled from
the cages and stuffed into crates,

243
00:28:05,835 --> 00:28:08,964
often resulting in bone fractures
due to rough handling.

244
00:28:08,995 --> 00:28:11,062
How often do their bones break?

245
00:28:11,413 --> 00:28:13,259
Every time I've got one they're broken.

246
00:28:13,644 --> 00:28:14,844
Every single time.

247
00:28:16,477 --> 00:28:18,634
Stop your whinging or
I'll break your other leg

248
00:28:18,712 --> 00:28:22,272
They are either gassed to death
and then buried or rendered,

249
00:28:22,461 --> 00:28:26,824
or sent to the slaughterhouse, and
replaced by new 4-month old hens.

250
00:28:29,492 --> 00:28:31,571
Up until 2016,

251
00:28:31,583 --> 00:28:35,500
there were no national standards on
what can be claimed as free range eggs.

252
00:28:35,567 --> 00:28:39,453
Now, free range farms are capped
at a maximum outdoor density

253
00:28:39,465 --> 00:28:43,069
of 10,000 hens per hectare
– one per square metre –

254
00:28:43,094 --> 00:28:46,487
though they still spend most of their
time packed together in large sheds.

255
00:28:52,250 --> 00:28:56,703
Chickens naturally form and live within a
social hierarchy called a pecking order,

256
00:28:56,748 --> 00:29:00,140
but are only able to recognise
around 100 other chickens.

257
00:29:00,218 --> 00:29:03,168
In sheds or paddocks with
thousands of other birds,

258
00:29:03,202 --> 00:29:06,838
their inability to maintain this
pecking order results in chaos.

259
00:29:06,861 --> 00:29:09,584
The weak birds are picked
on with no way to escape.

260
00:29:09,911 --> 00:29:11,629
Disease spreads rapidly.

261
00:29:12,872 --> 00:29:18,925
An outbreak of avian influenza at a New
South Wales free range egg farm in 2013,

262
00:29:18,981 --> 00:29:21,328
believed to be contracted from wild ducks,

263
00:29:21,348 --> 00:29:24,568
led to the culling of
over 400,000 farmed hens.

264
00:29:26,037 --> 00:29:30,847
Many of the larger free range farms also
have cage farms on the same property,

265
00:29:30,986 --> 00:29:34,144
with the eggs from both ending
up in the same packing shed.

266
00:29:34,508 --> 00:29:39,189
A 2009 analysis of Egg Corporation
data indicated that as many

267
00:29:39,214 --> 00:29:44,327
as one in six eggs sold as "free range"
were laid by caged or barn hens.

268
00:29:46,008 --> 00:29:47,703
As with caged farms,

269
00:29:47,760 --> 00:29:51,766
free range hens are sent to slaughter
from just 18 months of age,

270
00:29:51,933 --> 00:29:54,725
far short of their 10
year natural lifespan.

271
00:29:57,095 --> 00:30:01,580
At the slaughterhouse, the hens are
shackled upside-down on a moving line.

272
00:30:09,925 --> 00:30:13,675
They are lowered into a bath of
electrified water to stun them

273
00:30:13,700 --> 00:30:16,814
prior to their throats being
cut by an automated blade,

274
00:30:17,203 --> 00:30:20,595
but if they lift their heads,
they can miss the stun bath,

275
00:30:20,966 --> 00:30:22,996
facing the blade fully conscious

276
00:30:27,223 --> 00:30:30,917
and ultimately drowning in scalding
water further down the process.

277
00:30:35,519 --> 00:30:39,638
The slaughtered hens largely end up
in lower-grade chicken meat products

278
00:30:39,663 --> 00:30:44,375
such as mince, or rendered into
poultry meal for use in pet food

279
00:30:44,409 --> 00:30:46,716
or to be fed back to farmed animals.

280
00:30:55,676 --> 00:30:58,604
Broiler (meat) chickens

281
00:30:58,800 --> 00:31:00,581
Used for food

282
00:31:10,527 --> 00:31:13,011
Chickens bred for meat, known as broilers,

283
00:31:13,034 --> 00:31:14,596
are a larger breed than egg layers,

284
00:31:14,621 --> 00:31:18,412
designed through human intervention
to grow rapidly to massive sizes.

285
00:31:20,838 --> 00:31:23,360
Their short life begins
at a broiler hatchery.

286
00:31:26,478 --> 00:31:28,974
While both the males and females
are used by this industry,

287
00:31:28,990 --> 00:31:31,457
these hatcheries also use macerators…

288
00:31:36,134 --> 00:31:37,499
or gas chambers,

289
00:31:37,524 --> 00:31:40,950
for weak or deformed birds who aren’t
expected to make it to slaughter weight.

290
00:32:54,098 --> 00:32:58,159
The surviving day-old chicks are
trucked to broiler grow-out farms.

291
00:33:43,985 --> 00:33:48,032
As of 2016, there were 530
broiler farms in Australia,

292
00:33:48,057 --> 00:33:52,965
together housing at any given time a total
population of around 90 million birds.

293
00:33:53,667 --> 00:33:56,238
Each shed holds forty-to-sixty thousand.

294
00:33:59,004 --> 00:34:03,266
Within their first week of life, a
mortality rate of 4-6% is normal,

295
00:34:03,370 --> 00:34:08,987
equating to 1600 to 3600 dead chicks
per shed, roughly 200-500 daily.

296
00:34:12,052 --> 00:34:14,974
The majority of these will have
been found dead by workers,

297
00:34:14,998 --> 00:34:18,418
others who seem weak or injured
will be killed or tossed out alive.

298
00:34:25,621 --> 00:34:27,676
"I killed 465 in there"

299
00:34:27,702 --> 00:34:30,203
"Was near on 1000 birds
I killed in 3 sheds"

300
00:34:30,223 --> 00:34:32,140
"It's not just the sick ones I kill"

301
00:34:32,165 --> 00:34:34,546
"I kill stuff that still runs"

302
00:34:34,571 --> 00:34:36,131
"but I know it's no good"

303
00:34:36,226 --> 00:34:38,334
"Does it matter if they're
still cheeping in here?"

304
00:34:38,554 --> 00:34:40,356
"Sometimes they don't cull them properly"

305
00:34:40,474 --> 00:34:43,661
"But all I do is, I just grab them
by the back of the neck..."

306
00:34:45,743 --> 00:34:47,914
"You know you've done it right
cos there's no cheeping"

307
00:34:48,278 --> 00:34:49,278
"Neck's broken"

308
00:34:49,289 --> 00:34:50,289
"Can't chirp"

309
00:34:53,089 --> 00:34:55,462
"You know you've done it
right when he can't chirp"

310
00:35:47,843 --> 00:35:51,156
As they grow, they quickly fill out
the available space in the shed,

311
00:35:51,181 --> 00:35:53,777
living amongst a buildup
of their own faeces.

312
00:36:00,754 --> 00:36:04,224
The mortality rate slows, but deaths
are still a regular occurrence.

313
00:36:16,964 --> 00:36:20,481
Not far from the sheds, the bodies
are piled up and composted.

314
00:36:54,951 --> 00:36:58,179
Selective breeding, lack of
exercise due to overcrowding,

315
00:36:58,219 --> 00:37:02,475
artificial lighting and the heavy use of
antibiotics which enhance feed absorption,

316
00:37:02,547 --> 00:37:04,531
have resulted in modern broiler chickens

317
00:37:04,551 --> 00:37:08,418
reaching a slaughter-ready weight
of 3 kilograms in just 35 days,

318
00:37:09,157 --> 00:37:13,747
a dramatic increase from a
natural peak of 2kg in 96 days.

319
00:37:15,182 --> 00:37:18,951
Their bodies have great difficulty
handling this extreme physical pressure,

320
00:37:18,976 --> 00:37:22,237
making skeletal, cardiac and
metabolic disorders common.

321
00:37:24,312 --> 00:37:29,203
Of those who make it to the slaughterhouse,
90% have a detectable abnormal gait.

322
00:37:32,605 --> 00:37:35,987
The sheds are not cleaned for
the entire 5 to 7 week cycle,

323
00:37:36,066 --> 00:37:40,213
causing a high concentration of ammonia
which can irritate and burn their skin

324
00:37:41,404 --> 00:37:43,665
and impede their respiratory system.

325
00:37:59,718 --> 00:38:02,467
Chickens sold under the
RSPCA approved label

326
00:38:02,492 --> 00:38:05,127
are given a single perch running
down the middle of the shed,

327
00:38:05,152 --> 00:38:08,073
but otherwise the conditions
and process are identical.

328
00:39:01,780 --> 00:39:05,521
Depopulation occurs in low light
conditions in the middle of the night,

329
00:39:05,546 --> 00:39:08,731
when the birds are calmest and
unable to see what’s happening.

330
00:39:09,077 --> 00:39:11,749
They are typically caught
by hand by contract teams

331
00:39:11,774 --> 00:39:13,543
and jammed into plastic crates,

332
00:39:13,568 --> 00:39:17,339
the crates then forklifted onto trucks
for transport to the slaughterhouse.

333
00:39:58,009 --> 00:40:02,208
Like layer hens, they are hung roughly by
their legs onto the automated shackle line…

334
00:40:06,908 --> 00:40:09,060
then dipped into the electric stun bath,

335
00:40:10,791 --> 00:40:14,311
with any birds who lift their
heads proceeding fully conscious

336
00:40:15,996 --> 00:40:19,234
before having their throats
cut open by a rotating blade.

337
00:40:30,275 --> 00:40:34,038
A worker stands by with a knife for
any birds who miss the first blade.

338
00:41:18,058 --> 00:41:20,831
Turkeys

339
00:41:20,973 --> 00:41:22,705
Used for food

340
00:41:31,666 --> 00:41:33,704
Farmed turkeys have
been selectively bred

341
00:41:33,744 --> 00:41:36,935
to grow so large that they
cannot naturally mate,

342
00:41:37,070 --> 00:41:40,138
so the turkey industry relies
on artificial insemination,

343
00:41:40,163 --> 00:41:42,490
shown here at a free range farm in Victoria

344
00:41:42,490 --> 00:41:44,199
though considered standard practice

345
00:41:44,217 --> 00:41:47,239
at the small number of
Australian turkey hatcheries.

346
00:41:52,441 --> 00:41:56,508
Highly inquisitive birds, they are
raised in much the same way as broilers,

347
00:41:56,533 --> 00:42:01,818
with 10-14000 per shed equating
to six turkeys per square metre.

348
00:42:09,411 --> 00:42:12,961
Genetic alterations and artificial
lighting to maximise feeding,

349
00:42:13,038 --> 00:42:16,498
contribute to a growth rate double
that of their wild counterparts.

350
00:42:16,569 --> 00:42:20,169
They rapidly reach a weight
their legs cannot support.

351
00:43:11,594 --> 00:43:15,692
Living in their own waste, wounds
can quickly become infected.

352
00:43:38,761 --> 00:43:41,245
The frequency of deaths
increases with age

353
00:43:41,270 --> 00:43:44,050
to an average rate of 3-5% for females

354
00:43:44,075 --> 00:43:47,107
near the end of their 12
week lifespan in the sheds,

355
00:43:47,416 --> 00:43:51,741
and 10-12% for males near the
end of their 16 week lifespan.

356
00:43:59,295 --> 00:44:02,272
The dead birds are collected
and dumped like rubbish.

357
00:44:18,321 --> 00:44:20,359
The rest are trucked to the slaughterhouse,

358
00:44:24,676 --> 00:44:26,619
where they are punched, kicked and beaten

359
00:44:26,644 --> 00:44:29,993
while being shackled upside-down
onto the slaughter line.

360
00:44:46,302 --> 00:44:49,918
Smaller slaughterhouses may
use individual killing cones.

361
00:45:15,153 --> 00:45:18,203
4 to 5 million are killed
every year in Australia,

362
00:45:18,267 --> 00:45:21,515
most of which is purchased and
consumed around Christmas.

363
00:45:21,590 --> 00:45:25,847
For the rest of the year, or even for
years at a time, they are frozen.

364
00:45:35,324 --> 00:45:37,824
Ducks

365
00:45:38,071 --> 00:45:40,995
Used for food, entertainment, clothing

366
00:46:14,553 --> 00:46:18,015
As with broiler chickens, macerators
are still used in duck hatcheries

367
00:46:18,040 --> 00:46:22,086
for the weak or deformed ducklings who
aren’t expected to survive the grow-out.

368
00:46:30,047 --> 00:46:33,675
Duck farming shares many similarities
with broiler and turkey farming.

369
00:46:37,259 --> 00:46:39,358
Trucked from the hatchery
on their first day of life,

370
00:46:39,383 --> 00:46:43,279
the ducklings are grown at an
accelerated rate over just 7 weeks,

371
00:46:43,362 --> 00:46:45,121
housed with thousands of others

372
00:46:45,146 --> 00:46:48,572
in rarely-cleaned sheds where
disease and fatalities are common.

373
00:46:59,728 --> 00:47:03,191
Ducks are aquatic animals, so they
naturally have weak leg and thigh joints

374
00:47:03,216 --> 00:47:07,022
as they don’t normally need to hold their
body weight for extended periods of time.

375
00:47:09,580 --> 00:47:12,973
Where surface water is available,
ducks will float for long periods,

376
00:47:12,998 --> 00:47:16,265
reducing pressure on their
muscular and skeletal system.

377
00:47:17,163 --> 00:47:19,281
However, when surface water is denied,

378
00:47:19,306 --> 00:47:23,300
as in most Australian farms including
those labelled as free range,

379
00:47:23,456 --> 00:47:27,355
ducks must hold their entire body
weight on their legs for up to 7 weeks

380
00:47:27,535 --> 00:47:30,262
– often much longer for
ducks kept for breeding –

381
00:47:30,494 --> 00:47:34,102
resulting in lameness, dislocated
joints and broken bones.

382
00:47:36,555 --> 00:47:39,414
Selective breeding aimed at
growing ducks faster and heavier,

383
00:47:39,532 --> 00:47:41,900
coupled with the
insufficient bone formation

384
00:47:41,925 --> 00:47:43,936
of their juvenile skeletal system,

385
00:47:43,961 --> 00:47:47,781
adds even more pressure on their
already weak leg and thigh joints.

386
00:47:58,563 --> 00:48:00,772
Without water for even dipping their heads,

387
00:48:00,837 --> 00:48:04,040
ducks are unable to keep their
eyes, nostrils and feathers clean,

388
00:48:04,065 --> 00:48:06,682
worsening the risk of disease or blindness.

389
00:48:13,674 --> 00:48:17,021
Living in their own waste and the
resulting high levels of ammonia

390
00:48:17,045 --> 00:48:21,426
can cause painful burns on their feet
and exacerbate wounds and injuries.

391
00:48:32,145 --> 00:48:34,791
These poor environmental
conditions and overcrowding

392
00:48:34,816 --> 00:48:39,565
commonly lead to neurological disease where
incoordination, and head and neck tremors,

393
00:48:39,590 --> 00:48:43,550
are followed by paralysis,
convulsions, coma and death.

394
00:48:59,355 --> 00:49:02,049
When sick or injured ducks
are found by workers,

395
00:49:02,074 --> 00:49:04,064
they are killed by having
their necks broken.

396
00:49:18,429 --> 00:49:21,021
After 49 days, they’re
collected into crates

397
00:49:21,046 --> 00:49:24,093
and forklifted onto trucks to
be sent to the slaughterhouse.

398
00:49:58,169 --> 00:50:00,035
Many don’t survive the trip.

399
00:50:02,628 --> 00:50:04,363
Just like chickens and turkeys,

400
00:50:04,383 --> 00:50:06,870
ducks are hung by their feet
onto the slaughter line.

401
00:50:10,699 --> 00:50:14,409
The typical electric stun bath, once
again, is not always effective,

402
00:50:14,527 --> 00:50:17,418
with many birds having their
throats cut open while conscious

403
00:50:17,438 --> 00:50:22,054
and eventually dying from blood loss
or by drowning in the scalding tank.

404
00:50:37,464 --> 00:50:40,564
As of 2018, three
states in Australia

405
00:50:40,589 --> 00:50:43,918
have banned the recreational shooting
of wild ducks on cruelty grounds,

406
00:50:43,942 --> 00:50:46,991
but in Victoria, South
Australia and Tasmania,

407
00:50:47,563 --> 00:50:50,688
the practice remains legal
during an open season each year.

408
00:51:01,571 --> 00:51:05,173
The population of waterbirds in
Victoria has been steadily declining,

409
00:51:05,198 --> 00:51:09,223
in 2017 hitting the lowest
numbers in 34 years,

410
00:51:09,232 --> 00:51:12,753
yet the hunt continues under
justification of increased business

411
00:51:12,778 --> 00:51:15,290
in the rural communities
surrounding the wetlands,

412
00:51:15,349 --> 00:51:18,766
and the general enjoyment and
satisfaction felt by the hunters.

413
00:51:35,620 --> 00:51:39,913
Computer simulation estimates and the
observations of rescuers on the wetlands

414
00:51:39,938 --> 00:51:44,042
indicate that duck shooters leave at least
as many birds wounded and uncaptured

415
00:51:44,062 --> 00:51:47,522
as they kill and capture, amounting
to many thousands of ducks

416
00:51:47,547 --> 00:51:50,262
left to suffer or die
from untreated injuries.

417
00:51:58,022 --> 00:52:01,091
Additionally, the bodies of
many legally protected species

418
00:52:01,116 --> 00:52:03,609
such as the rare and
endangered Freckled Duck

419
00:52:03,634 --> 00:52:06,754
have been retrieved from the
wetlands during hunting season,

420
00:52:06,779 --> 00:52:10,139
with shooters either failing to
identify the species before firing,

421
00:52:10,164 --> 00:52:11,697
or just firing anyway.

422
00:52:19,823 --> 00:52:22,299
Around 80% of the world’s
down and feathers

423
00:52:22,324 --> 00:52:26,252
used for items like jackets, sleeping
bags and bedding come from China,

424
00:52:26,448 --> 00:52:30,117
where the live plucking of ducks and
geese remains a common practice.

425
00:52:31,272 --> 00:52:34,136
This involves painfully ripping the
feathers out of the birds’ skin,

426
00:52:34,200 --> 00:52:36,285
leaving open and bloody wounds,

427
00:52:36,418 --> 00:52:40,002
a process repeated multiple times
before they are finally slaughtered.

428
00:52:42,584 --> 00:52:46,762
Even suppliers claiming certification
under the Responsible Down Standard

429
00:52:46,845 --> 00:52:49,229
have been found engaging in live plucking.

430
00:52:49,438 --> 00:52:52,456
Ultimately, it isn’t possible to know
whether particular down products

431
00:52:52,535 --> 00:52:55,495
in Australia or elsewhere
come from these farms.

432
00:53:08,617 --> 00:53:11,012
Cows

433
00:53:11,117 --> 00:53:14,917
Used for food, entertainment,
clothing, pharmaceuticals

434
00:53:23,812 --> 00:53:26,578
Like humans, cows are
strongly maternal beings

435
00:53:26,598 --> 00:53:28,907
who form close bonds with their young,

436
00:53:28,932 --> 00:53:31,769
and must give birth in
order to produce milk.

437
00:53:32,755 --> 00:53:35,127
On dairy farms, they are
forcefully impregnated

438
00:53:35,152 --> 00:53:37,163
every year to keep this milk flowing,

439
00:53:37,188 --> 00:53:40,795
usually by artificial insemination
rather than natural mating,

440
00:53:40,815 --> 00:53:44,560
which requires workers to insert
their arm into the cow’s anus

441
00:53:44,591 --> 00:53:48,908
to hold her cervix in place while injecting
her with semen collected from a bull.

442
00:53:53,664 --> 00:53:57,141
Their calves are taken away
mere hours after being born

443
00:53:57,166 --> 00:54:01,896
so that the milk intended for them can be
collected and sold for human consumption.

444
00:54:12,232 --> 00:54:14,632
Over the days following separation,

445
00:54:14,657 --> 00:54:16,456
the mothers bellow day and night,

446
00:54:16,532 --> 00:54:18,113
searching for their calves.

447
00:54:18,705 --> 00:54:21,471
They’re known to grieve
for days or even weeks.

448
00:54:23,420 --> 00:54:25,904
The male calves, called bobby calves,

449
00:54:25,929 --> 00:54:28,300
are considered useless
to the dairy industry

450
00:54:28,325 --> 00:54:30,468
because they’ll never be
able to produce milk.

451
00:54:30,498 --> 00:54:34,755
They are kept isolated for five days
before being herded onto a truck,

452
00:54:35,944 --> 00:54:37,652
and sent to the slaughterhouse.

453
00:54:39,869 --> 00:54:43,443
They can be withheld food for the
last 30 hours of their lives.

454
00:54:45,197 --> 00:54:48,922
Starved, confused and
desperate for affection,

455
00:54:49,349 --> 00:54:52,736
they cry for their mothers from the
holding pens of the slaughterhouse

456
00:54:52,761 --> 00:54:55,007
where they’ll be killed
the following morning.

457
00:55:57,539 --> 00:56:01,100
Those who avoid the stunner
or who are improperly stunned

458
00:56:01,125 --> 00:56:02,925
are killed while conscious.

459
00:56:18,995 --> 00:56:24,347
Around 700,000 male calves are slaughtered
as waste products of the dairy industry

460
00:56:24,372 --> 00:56:26,537
every year in Australia alone.

461
00:56:28,653 --> 00:56:32,983
A small number of male calves are
grown out for longer, up to 20 weeks,

462
00:56:33,081 --> 00:56:34,948
to be slaughtered for veal.

463
00:56:41,698 --> 00:56:44,363
The female calves are
also kept isolated,

464
00:56:44,388 --> 00:56:46,464
fed on powdered milk replacer,

465
00:56:46,489 --> 00:56:50,666
eventually to join the cycle after
being impregnated themselves.

466
00:57:26,270 --> 00:57:31,003
2-3 times per day, the lactating cows
are herded into the milking shed

467
00:57:31,028 --> 00:57:34,095
and hooked up to industrial
milking machines.

468
00:57:45,878 --> 00:57:48,938
In natural conditions, they
can live up to 20 years.

469
00:57:48,963 --> 00:57:51,728
On dairy farms they last only 4 to 8 years,

470
00:57:53,945 --> 00:57:56,750
some – known as downers –
succumbing to the pressure

471
00:57:56,828 --> 00:58:00,074
of continuous impregnation and
producing up to 10 times more milk

472
00:58:00,133 --> 00:58:02,000
than they naturally would,

473
00:58:02,335 --> 00:58:05,980
the rest sent to slaughter when their
milk production begins to slow down

474
00:58:06,005 --> 00:58:08,440
or they become too injured to continue.

475
00:59:07,412 --> 00:59:12,432
Artificial insemination is preferred to
natural mating in the beef industry also.

476
00:59:13,136 --> 00:59:18,163
Calves raised for beef are subjected to a
variety of painful surgical procedures

477
00:59:18,255 --> 00:59:22,193
without anaesthesia, including
disbudding or dehorning…

478
00:59:29,012 --> 00:59:30,012
ear tagging…

479
00:59:33,151 --> 00:59:35,351
castration, either with a blade,

480
00:59:35,373 --> 00:59:37,088
or by a practice called ringing,

481
00:59:37,113 --> 00:59:41,275
where an elastic band is tightly clamped
around the base of the testicles,

482
00:59:41,300 --> 00:59:45,240
restricting blood blow until
eventually they rot and fall off.

483
00:59:47,744 --> 00:59:50,299
… and branding with a hot iron.

484
00:59:55,040 --> 00:59:59,974
Those who get sick typically lack
veterinary care and deteriorate quickly.

485
01:00:24,100 --> 01:00:28,785
Drugs including antibiotics, growth
hormones, vitamins and supplements,

486
01:00:28,810 --> 01:00:32,150
and progesterone for maintaining
pregnancy are injected…

487
01:00:34,786 --> 01:00:36,319
or inserted vaginally…

488
01:00:39,327 --> 01:00:40,327
or orally.

489
01:00:42,031 --> 01:00:45,991
These and other regular routines like
sorting or checking for pregnancy

490
01:00:46,058 --> 01:00:48,896
see the cattle forcefully
herded through the yard system

491
01:00:48,921 --> 01:00:52,854
into a restraint box called a
crush for individual attention.

492
01:00:53,064 --> 01:00:55,435
"Fuckin' turn around you
stupid looking bitch"

493
01:01:07,505 --> 01:01:09,262
"Come on you fat lump of shit"

494
01:01:37,429 --> 01:01:40,889
Around 40% of Australia’s total beef supply

495
01:01:41,021 --> 01:01:44,701
and 80% of beef sold in
major domestic supermarkets

496
01:01:44,910 --> 01:01:49,176
comes from cattle who have spent
the last 10-15% of their lives

497
01:01:49,208 --> 01:01:51,142
packed into barren feedlots,

498
01:01:51,264 --> 01:01:55,735
where they are fattened up with grain
before slaughter at 18 months of age.

499
01:02:47,567 --> 01:02:52,002
They’re forced into the knockbox, from
which they will desperately try to escape.

500
01:02:59,633 --> 01:03:00,633
"Oh yeah!"

501
01:03:27,744 --> 01:03:29,141
"Fuckin' settle down cunt"

502
01:04:10,986 --> 01:04:14,337
The captive bolt gun is the most
common method of stunning cows,

503
01:04:14,390 --> 01:04:18,862
but the smaller guns especially are often
ineffective against such large animals,

504
01:04:18,887 --> 01:04:23,287
causing only pain and limited
mobility, but not unconsciousness.

505
01:04:43,920 --> 01:04:46,453
A rifle is a less common alternative.

506
01:05:23,713 --> 01:05:27,471
In addition to witnessing the
animals before them being stunned,

507
01:05:27,496 --> 01:05:30,261
killed, and sometimes even the processing,

508
01:05:30,327 --> 01:05:34,779
in most cases they are also forced to
hear their fate from the next room.

509
01:05:49,333 --> 01:05:53,300
For cows slaughtered while pregnant,
the blood from their unborn calves,

510
01:05:53,327 --> 01:05:56,763
known as fetal calf serum
or fetal bovine serum,

511
01:05:56,842 --> 01:05:59,479
is of great value to the
pharmaceutical industry,

512
01:05:59,504 --> 01:06:02,337
fetching around $600 per litre.

513
01:06:04,208 --> 01:06:09,213
The hides of cows and bobby calves are sent
to tanneries to be turned into leather,

514
01:06:09,265 --> 01:06:12,149
the majority of which is
then exported overseas.

515
01:06:12,227 --> 01:06:13,670
There is a common misconception

516
01:06:13,695 --> 01:06:18,240
that leather is a by-product of the
meat industry intended to reduce waste.

517
01:06:18,334 --> 01:06:21,147
It is far more accurate to
say that it is a co-product,

518
01:06:21,163 --> 01:06:23,949
sometimes more economically
valuable than meat

519
01:06:23,974 --> 01:06:25,728
to the point where more and more animals

520
01:06:25,753 --> 01:06:28,619
are being killed for their skin
rather than for their flesh.

521
01:06:29,462 --> 01:06:33,549
Cheap leather for use in shoes,
handbags and other accessories

522
01:06:33,574 --> 01:06:37,323
is also imported to Australia,
the United States and Europe

523
01:06:37,350 --> 01:06:40,547
from developing countries
like India and Bangladesh.

524
01:06:41,560 --> 01:06:44,362
As cows are considered sacred
by the Hindu religion,

525
01:06:44,387 --> 01:06:48,054
their slaughter is illegal
in 24 of India’s 29 states.

526
01:06:48,278 --> 01:06:50,255
To be legally slaughtered for leather,

527
01:06:50,280 --> 01:06:54,024
they must first be transported
hundreds or thousands of kilometres

528
01:06:54,051 --> 01:06:58,258
to one of the five exempt states or
across the border to Bangladesh.

529
01:06:58,283 --> 01:07:00,651
Depending on the route and
the number of animals

530
01:07:00,808 --> 01:07:05,277
– sometimes in the thousands – much
of this transport can occur on foot.

531
01:07:07,661 --> 01:07:11,327
In preparation, many have
shoes nailed into their feet

532
01:07:11,428 --> 01:07:14,312
and ropes threaded tightly
through their noses.

533
01:07:15,782 --> 01:07:19,732
Exhausted, starving and thirsty,
many collapse along the way,

534
01:07:21,379 --> 01:07:25,866
compelled to stand by having their nose
ropes pulled or their tails broken…

535
01:07:30,842 --> 01:07:34,785
being beaten with sticks, or having
chilli pepper rubbed into their eyes.

536
01:07:37,833 --> 01:07:41,195
For the rest of the journey, they
are crowded into and out of trucks,

537
01:07:43,211 --> 01:07:47,356
their horns piercing and gouging each
other and their bones often breaking.

538
01:07:51,167 --> 01:07:54,048
Those who make it to the slaughterhouse
are killed in front of each other

539
01:07:54,073 --> 01:07:55,699
without prior stunning,

540
01:07:59,660 --> 01:08:01,572
some even skinned alive.

541
01:08:03,762 --> 01:08:06,131
The hides are soaked in toxic chemicals

542
01:08:06,156 --> 01:08:09,235
known to cause cancer or
chronic skin diseases,

543
01:08:09,418 --> 01:08:10,685
often by children.

544
01:08:15,275 --> 01:08:17,323
The fundamental concept of rodeos

545
01:08:17,348 --> 01:08:22,281
is the physical control and domination
of weaker, more vulnerable beings.

546
01:08:22,535 --> 01:08:26,141
Calves, steers and bulls
are physically provoked

547
01:08:26,165 --> 01:08:28,129
for the entertainment of spectators

548
01:08:28,154 --> 01:08:32,443
in some 240 rodeo events held
across Australia every year.

549
01:08:34,877 --> 01:08:38,590
Normally quite docile animals,
they endure tail twisting,

550
01:08:47,798 --> 01:08:48,998
electric prodding

551
01:08:59,373 --> 01:09:01,928
and other physical abuse behind the scenes,

552
01:09:12,360 --> 01:09:16,782
as well as the use of metal spurs and
straps tightened around their abdomens,

553
01:09:16,807 --> 01:09:18,925
to make them “buck” and appear wild.

554
01:09:47,318 --> 01:09:51,619
With intensity and risk integral
factors for an entertaining show,

555
01:09:51,721 --> 01:09:53,204
injuries are inevitable.

556
01:09:54,205 --> 01:09:57,449
"He's just having a little bit of trouble
to stand that steer on all four feet"

557
01:09:57,613 --> 01:10:00,991
"He's going to use his power, his strength
to get that steer up, off the ground"

558
01:10:01,730 --> 01:10:03,492
"I tell you what, this
steer is certainly not

559
01:10:03,517 --> 01:10:05,990
being cooperative for this
cowboy here tonight folks"

560
01:10:06,015 --> 01:10:07,939
"Yeah I tell you what,
he doesn't want anything

561
01:10:07,964 --> 01:10:09,958
to do with the competition here tonight"

562
01:10:22,369 --> 01:10:25,026
Don't ever have any mindset that
these cattle aren't looked after,

563
01:10:25,104 --> 01:10:28,266
cos they are looked after
absolutely outstandingly"

564
01:10:28,840 --> 01:10:32,411
Calf and steer roping involves the
lassoing of terrified animals

565
01:10:32,436 --> 01:10:35,777
as they try to run away, violently
jerking them to a halt,

566
01:10:35,830 --> 01:10:40,411
and commonly resulting in bruising,
broken limbs, horns and even necks,

567
01:10:40,528 --> 01:10:45,515
ligament tearing, internal haemorrhaging
and subcutaneous tissue damage.

568
01:11:10,101 --> 01:11:12,288
Sheep

569
01:11:12,366 --> 01:11:14,449
Used for food, clothing

570
01:11:19,131 --> 01:11:21,543
‘Winter lambing’ is the
practice of impregnating sheep

571
01:11:21,568 --> 01:11:23,234
so that they give birth in winter months,

572
01:11:23,675 --> 01:11:27,106
meaning their lambs are weaned in
spring when pastures are most fertile.

573
01:11:27,285 --> 01:11:29,636
While this allows the lambs
to grow more quickly,

574
01:11:29,661 --> 01:11:34,367
it results in 10-15 million newborn
lambs – roughly one in every four –

575
01:11:34,392 --> 01:11:38,438
dying within 48 hours of birth
from exposure to the harsh cold.

576
01:11:39,530 --> 01:11:42,698
For sheep farmers, this is still
preferable to the higher feed costs

577
01:11:42,723 --> 01:11:44,465
of lambing in warmer months.

578
01:11:47,343 --> 01:11:51,964
The Merino breed, accounting for around
80% of the wool produced in Australia,

579
01:11:51,989 --> 01:11:54,377
have been selectively bred
to have wrinkled skin

580
01:11:54,402 --> 01:11:56,205
resulting in excessive amounts of wool

581
01:11:56,230 --> 01:11:59,214
while making them much
more prone to flystrike.

582
01:11:59,657 --> 01:12:03,507
To reduce soiling and the risk of flystrike
for the lambs who make it to summer,

583
01:12:03,532 --> 01:12:05,958
their tails are docked or cut off entirely,

584
01:12:05,983 --> 01:12:08,481
and they are often mulesed
at the same time,

585
01:12:08,506 --> 01:12:11,008
which involves cutting off the
skin around their buttocks

586
01:12:11,035 --> 01:12:13,545
and the base of their
tail with metal shears.

587
01:12:14,474 --> 01:12:16,506
If the lambs are younger than 6 months,

588
01:12:16,531 --> 01:12:19,126
it is legal to do this
without any pain relief.

589
01:12:23,063 --> 01:12:27,026
Sheep shearers are paid by the number
of sheep shorn, not by the hour,

590
01:12:27,051 --> 01:12:29,629
so speed is prioritised over precision,

591
01:12:29,654 --> 01:12:32,866
and there is no requirement for
formal training or accreditation.

592
01:13:20,904 --> 01:13:24,037
After a few years, when they can
no longer produce enough wool

593
01:13:24,062 --> 01:13:28,106
to be considered profitable, the sheep are
sent to slaughter and sold as mutton,

594
01:13:28,236 --> 01:13:31,673
while lambs raised for meat are killed
between 4 and 12 months of age,

595
01:13:31,698 --> 01:13:34,881
far short of a natural
lifespan of 12-14 years.

596
01:13:39,782 --> 01:13:42,887
19 million of the 32 million sheep
killed each year in Australia

597
01:13:42,912 --> 01:13:44,324
go through saleyards,

598
01:13:44,558 --> 01:13:48,639
an intermediary between farms and
slaughterhouses or private buyers,

599
01:13:48,664 --> 01:13:52,586
where animals also including cattle,
calves, horses, poultry and pigs,

600
01:13:52,703 --> 01:13:53,970
are auctioned off.

601
01:13:55,737 --> 01:13:59,399
Heat stress, dehydration, exhaustion,
or pre-existing conditions

602
01:13:59,424 --> 01:14:02,034
are common causes of deaths at saleyards.

603
01:14:03,840 --> 01:14:06,813
Most of the sheep are bought by
slaughterhouses for their meat.

604
01:14:11,854 --> 01:14:15,267
No animal at a slaughterhouse
walks willingly to their death.

605
01:14:47,752 --> 01:14:50,950
Again electrical stunning
proves regularly ineffective,

606
01:14:50,975 --> 01:14:54,092
causing only pain and terrifying
the animals even further

607
01:14:54,117 --> 01:14:55,530
 in their final moments.

608
01:15:34,196 --> 01:15:36,262
Bolt gun stunning is no better.

609
01:15:50,723 --> 01:15:51,990
"Do as you're told"

610
01:15:53,305 --> 01:15:54,639
"Fuckin' stay still"

611
01:15:58,359 --> 01:16:00,375
"Sit, lay down, roll over, yep"

612
01:16:00,749 --> 01:16:03,014
"Good boy, take your head off now, yep"

613
01:16:03,282 --> 01:16:05,551
"He's doin' what he's told"

614
01:16:11,552 --> 01:16:13,986
Regardless of how effective
stunning may appear,

615
01:16:14,011 --> 01:16:16,508
it’s impossible to know with
certainty whether an animal

616
01:16:16,533 --> 01:16:20,090
has been rendered completely
unconscious and insensible to pain,

617
01:16:20,324 --> 01:16:24,190
or is merely paralysed and unable to
move, while still feeling everything.

618
01:16:52,942 --> 01:16:57,008
In their fear and desperation,
some manage to briefly escape,

619
01:16:57,060 --> 01:17:00,240
directly confronted with the
bodies of those before them,

620
01:17:13,629 --> 01:17:16,841
before being forced back into the
race, knowing that they’ll be next.

621
01:17:21,203 --> 01:17:22,975
Goats

622
01:17:23,027 --> 01:17:24,849
Used for food, clothing

623
01:17:31,218 --> 01:17:34,372
Goats are farmed for dairy in
much the same way as cows,

624
01:17:34,393 --> 01:17:38,039
repeatedly impregnated to ensure
a continuous supply of milk.

625
01:17:38,065 --> 01:17:41,856
A niche industry in Australia
with only around 65 farms,

626
01:17:41,881 --> 01:17:45,075
goats’ milk is marketed as a more
easily digestible alternative

627
01:17:45,101 --> 01:17:48,002
suitable for people with
allergies to cows’ milk.

628
01:17:48,209 --> 01:17:51,992
Worldwide, more people drink the
milk of goats than any other animal.

629
01:18:03,140 --> 01:18:06,073
The male kids, unable
to ever produce milk,

630
01:18:06,098 --> 01:18:10,556
are generally considered waste products
and killed on farm shortly after birth

631
01:18:13,736 --> 01:18:17,483
while the female kids are grown to
become milk producers themselves,

632
01:18:17,508 --> 01:18:21,156
though some farms will raise and
sell their excess goats for meat.

633
01:18:27,682 --> 01:18:29,822
The lactating mothers
are milked twice daily

634
01:18:29,847 --> 01:18:32,007
for up to ten years before slaughter,

635
01:18:32,111 --> 01:18:35,974
at their peak producing 4 litres
of milk per day to be sold fresh

636
01:18:35,999 --> 01:18:40,021
or turned into cheese, butter,
ice-cream, yoghurt and soap.

637
01:18:50,779 --> 01:18:54,093
Australia is the largest exporter
of goat meat in the world,

638
01:18:54,118 --> 01:18:56,724
the majority of it going
to the United States.

639
01:18:56,867 --> 01:19:02,326
Only 10% comes from goats bred and farmed
for meat, the rest from rangeland goats,

640
01:19:02,353 --> 01:19:05,180
a wild breed originating
from escaped domestic goats

641
01:19:05,205 --> 01:19:07,825
brought to Australia by European settlers.

642
01:19:07,903 --> 01:19:10,823
These free-roaming goats are
captured and transported

643
01:19:10,848 --> 01:19:15,004
to feedlots known as goat depots, where
they are fattened prior to slaughter.

644
01:19:44,322 --> 01:19:47,829
Pregnant animals being sent
to slaughter is not uncommon,

645
01:19:47,855 --> 01:19:52,199
and inevitably, some will give birth on the
transport trucks or in the holding pens

646
01:19:52,226 --> 01:19:54,709
shortly before they are
herded to the kill floor,

647
01:19:55,022 --> 01:19:58,844
their babies left behind to die
from starvation or exposure,

648
01:19:58,869 --> 01:20:01,269
calling out for their dead mothers.

649
01:22:00,386 --> 01:22:02,052
Fish

650
01:22:02,157 --> 01:22:04,734
Used for food, scientific research

651
01:22:13,547 --> 01:22:16,973
Salmon is the most popularly
eaten fish in Australia,

652
01:22:17,038 --> 01:22:19,889
with almost 40,000 tonnes
consumed every year.

653
01:22:20,050 --> 01:22:22,613
They are farmed offshore
in underwater cages,

654
01:22:22,665 --> 01:22:25,813
primarily in bays on the south
and west coasts of Tasmania

655
01:22:25,838 --> 01:22:27,505
due to the cooler waters.

656
01:22:29,011 --> 01:22:31,478
Each cage can hold
up to 60,000 fish,

657
01:22:31,496 --> 01:22:35,280
transferred from the inland
hatchery at 12-18 months of age.

658
01:22:36,395 --> 01:22:39,518
As they grow, their space
within the cages decreases

659
01:22:39,543 --> 01:22:41,517
until they are packed tightly together.

660
01:22:42,660 --> 01:22:48,116
A 2017 study on farmed salmon in Australia,
Norway, Chile, Scotland and Canada

661
01:22:48,141 --> 01:22:50,939
found that about half of the
fish in these farms are deaf

662
01:22:50,964 --> 01:22:55,308
as a result of accelerated growth rates
deforming their sound receptors.

663
01:22:57,250 --> 01:23:00,761
The world-heritage Macquarie
Harbour on Tasmania’s west coast

664
01:23:00,786 --> 01:23:03,916
is home to the largest concentration
of fish farms in the country,

665
01:23:03,941 --> 01:23:08,177
with the salmon industry’s three key
players – Tassal, Huon and Petuna –

666
01:23:08,202 --> 01:23:11,836
all owning several farms
comprising up to 2 dozen cages.

667
01:23:14,465 --> 01:23:19,865
In the one year period to September 2016,
over 21,000 tonnes of uneaten fish food

668
01:23:19,942 --> 01:23:22,866
and untold amounts of excrement
ended up in the harbour.

669
01:23:22,891 --> 01:23:26,766
Such high levels of pollution lead
to dangerously low levels of oxygen

670
01:23:26,791 --> 01:23:29,526
in the water and greater risks of disease,

671
01:23:29,551 --> 01:23:32,571
contributing to large numbers
of deaths within the farms.

672
01:23:35,257 --> 01:23:39,716
Numerous mass mortality
incidents from 2015 to 2018

673
01:23:39,780 --> 01:23:42,931
have been attributed to a mixture
of suffocation from low oxygen,

674
01:23:42,956 --> 01:23:44,722
human error, and disease.

675
01:23:49,191 --> 01:23:51,835
The largest of the three companies, Tassal,

676
01:23:51,900 --> 01:23:56,300
boasts an accepted survival rate
of 83% across all their farms.

677
01:23:56,793 --> 01:24:01,926
After 15-18 months in these ocean cages,
when they’ve reached about 7kg each,

678
01:24:01,951 --> 01:24:03,707
the salmon are sucked
up through a bore tube

679
01:24:03,732 --> 01:24:06,847
into the harvest vessel where they
are either immediately killed

680
01:24:06,872 --> 01:24:10,811
or transported alive in tanks to
the onshore processing facility.

681
01:24:12,237 --> 01:24:15,998
Barramundi are farmed in all states
of Australia except Tasmania.

682
01:24:16,023 --> 01:24:17,685
In the colder southern states,

683
01:24:17,710 --> 01:24:20,925
they are raised with thousands
of others in small indoor tanks.

684
01:24:29,682 --> 01:24:31,406
While in the northern states,

685
01:24:31,431 --> 01:24:34,670
they’re raised either in offshore
sea cages similar to salmon farms

686
01:24:34,695 --> 01:24:37,810
or in outdoor pond systems,
used also for trout.

687
01:24:43,027 --> 01:24:46,996
The supposed humane method of
harvesting and killing farmed fish

688
01:24:47,021 --> 01:24:50,015
is to suck them into icy water
to freeze them to death.

689
01:25:04,737 --> 01:25:07,896
Far from humane, it is a
slow and painful death,

690
01:25:07,921 --> 01:25:10,146
sometimes taking half
an hour to kill.

691
01:25:37,478 --> 01:25:41,558
Fish killed for sashimi, a Japanese
delicacy favouring freshness,

692
01:25:41,583 --> 01:25:44,682
are stabbed in the head before
having their jugular vein cut open

693
01:25:44,707 --> 01:25:47,661
and then are put back into
the ice slurry to bleed out.

694
01:25:49,716 --> 01:25:51,836
Stores and restaurants displaying live fish

695
01:25:51,862 --> 01:25:53,778
allow customers intent on freshness

696
01:25:53,830 --> 01:25:56,646
to choose which individuals
they would like killed.

697
01:26:01,733 --> 01:26:05,873
Three quarters of the seafood consumed in
Australia is imported from other countries,

698
01:26:05,897 --> 01:26:09,644
of which the most significant species
are prawns, salmon and tuna.

699
01:26:18,654 --> 01:26:22,131
Commercial fishing trawlers drag large
nets through the water behind them,

700
01:26:22,196 --> 01:26:24,800
indiscriminately capturing
all species in their wake.

701
01:26:33,708 --> 01:26:36,020
Around 85% of the world’s fish stocks

702
01:26:36,045 --> 01:26:39,052
are now being fished to full
capacity or are overfished.

703
01:26:39,473 --> 01:26:40,680
At the current rate,

704
01:26:40,704 --> 01:26:44,577
it is anticipated that our oceans
will be void of fish by 2048.

705
01:26:48,492 --> 01:26:49,846
Rabbits

706
01:26:49,898 --> 01:26:53,098
Used for food, clothing,
experimentation, pets

707
01:26:54,543 --> 01:26:57,733
The rabbit farming industry in
Australia is a struggling one.

708
01:26:57,773 --> 01:27:01,635
Highly contagious diseases introduced
to eradicate wild rabbits,

709
01:27:01,660 --> 01:27:04,831
carried by insects, can quickly
wipe out entire farms,

710
01:27:04,856 --> 01:27:06,347
while others struggle to compete

711
01:27:06,372 --> 01:27:10,079
with the cheaper price of wild rabbits
trapped and killed by hunters.

712
01:27:10,705 --> 01:27:13,085
Farmed meat rabbits spend
their entire lives

713
01:27:13,109 --> 01:27:15,665
 in wire cages suspended above the floor,

714
01:27:15,690 --> 01:27:20,279
unable to exhibit any natural behaviours
like digging, hiding or jumping.

715
01:27:21,682 --> 01:27:24,110
A build-up of faeces on
the floor beneath them

716
01:27:24,135 --> 01:27:26,173
creates high levels of ammonia.

717
01:27:27,602 --> 01:27:31,369
Female rabbits kept for breeding can
be forced to live in these conditions

718
01:27:31,394 --> 01:27:34,661
for up to 56 weeks while
they produce 7 litters.

719
01:27:44,654 --> 01:27:50,261
Most of the rabbits, capable of living for
8-12 years, are killed at 12 weeks old.

720
01:27:55,113 --> 01:27:59,343
3 to 4 thousand rabbits are used for
scientific research and testing

721
01:27:59,368 --> 01:28:00,736
each year in Australia,

722
01:28:00,761 --> 01:28:03,799
many of them coming from
this facility in Victoria.

723
01:28:17,537 --> 01:28:20,982
Most fur products sold in Australia
are imported from overseas,

724
01:28:20,982 --> 01:28:22,994
much of that harvested
from rabbits.

725
01:28:23,177 --> 01:28:28,036
In 2015, clothing brand Akubra shut
down their Australian operations

726
01:28:28,061 --> 01:28:30,928
and began importing
rabbit fur from Europe.

727
01:28:38,105 --> 01:28:42,721
Australia also imports fur from China,
the world’s largest fur exporter.

728
01:28:42,878 --> 01:28:46,848
Of ten rabbit fur farms visited
by an undercover investigator,

729
01:28:46,873 --> 01:28:50,674
half engaged in the practice of
plucking the fur from live rabbits,

730
01:28:50,699 --> 01:28:52,658
a process repeated every 3 months,

731
01:28:52,683 --> 01:28:55,418
between which the rabbits
live in wire cages.

732
01:28:55,761 --> 01:28:58,562
Plucking results in longer,
more profitable hair

733
01:28:58,587 --> 01:29:00,581
compared to shearing
or clipping.

734
01:29:02,744 --> 01:29:05,028
As rabbits age,
they grow less fur,

735
01:29:05,052 --> 01:29:08,521
and ultimately are hung up and
skinned for a final harvesting,

736
01:29:08,547 --> 01:29:10,480
sometimes while still alive.

737
01:29:13,189 --> 01:29:17,122
12 rabbits are killed to make the
felt for just one Akubra hat.

738
01:29:17,518 --> 01:29:22,121
Worldwide, over one billion rabbits
are killed for their fur every year.

739
01:29:25,559 --> 01:29:26,938
Minks

740
01:29:27,043 --> 01:29:29,334
Used for clothing, cosmetics

741
01:29:32,136 --> 01:29:34,277
Minks are a common source
of fur for clothing,

742
01:29:34,302 --> 01:29:37,035
accessories and even eyelash extensions.

743
01:29:37,429 --> 01:29:39,198
As there are no mink farms in Australia,

744
01:29:39,250 --> 01:29:41,650
their fur is imported from overseas.

745
01:29:42,575 --> 01:29:44,948
In the wild, they would individually occupy

746
01:29:44,975 --> 01:29:47,375
up to 2500 acres of wetland habitat.

747
01:29:48,154 --> 01:29:50,349
Despite generations of
being bred for fur,

748
01:29:50,374 --> 01:29:52,440
these naturally inquisitive
and solitary animals

749
01:29:52,465 --> 01:29:55,018
have been found to suffer
greatly in captivity,

750
01:29:55,233 --> 01:29:58,316
cramped in small wire cages where
chronic boredom and stress

751
01:29:58,341 --> 01:30:00,931
lead to frantic pacing and self-mutilation.

752
01:30:04,080 --> 01:30:07,774
Minks used for breeding are kept in
these cages for four to five years,

753
01:30:07,799 --> 01:30:11,518
giving birth to a litter each
year of 3 or 4 surviving kittens,

754
01:30:11,755 --> 01:30:14,414
who are slaughtered and
skinned at 6 months old.

755
01:30:15,107 --> 01:30:18,019
Gas chambers or enclosed boxes
filled with engine exhaust

756
01:30:18,045 --> 01:30:19,810
are common ways of
killing the minks,

757
01:30:19,834 --> 01:30:23,861
but are not always lethal, resulting
in some waking up while being skinned.

758
01:30:23,886 --> 01:30:26,030
"Yeah he's moving around,
kicking around..."

759
01:30:26,201 --> 01:30:28,453
"Hiding underneath carcasses for air..."

760
01:30:30,676 --> 01:30:33,236
Anal electrocution or
simply breaking their necks

761
01:30:33,340 --> 01:30:34,611
are common alternatives.

762
01:30:34,636 --> 01:30:36,103
"He's still breathing"

763
01:30:57,382 --> 01:30:58,761
Foxes

764
01:30:58,814 --> 01:31:00,947
Used for clothing, entertainment

765
01:31:04,200 --> 01:31:08,815
After minks, foxes are the second
most commonly farmed animal for fur,

766
01:31:08,840 --> 01:31:10,768
facing many of the same problems.

767
01:31:14,245 --> 01:31:17,384
Chinese fur farmers claim that
their margins are so slim,

768
01:31:17,449 --> 01:31:18,992
they can’t afford to kill foxes with

769
01:31:19,017 --> 01:31:22,066
anything but the most brutally
efficient of methods,

770
01:31:22,565 --> 01:31:26,839
with many foxes being skinned
alive to save time and effort.

771
01:31:32,462 --> 01:31:37,034
Introduced to Australia by British settlers
for their traditional sport of fox hunting

772
01:31:37,059 --> 01:31:39,945
and later to control the
spread of introduced rabbits,

773
01:31:39,969 --> 01:31:42,994
foxes are now classified as
pests across the country,

774
01:31:43,020 --> 01:31:45,379
with numbers estimated at over 7 million.

775
01:31:45,691 --> 01:31:47,081
The hunting and shooting of foxes

776
01:31:47,106 --> 01:31:50,117
on personally-owned land
is legal in all states.

777
01:32:03,065 --> 01:32:05,856
Often consumed accidentally
by native wildlife

778
01:32:05,881 --> 01:32:07,943
or companion animals like dogs,

779
01:32:07,968 --> 01:32:12,525
the most common method of reducing
numbers is the use of 1080 poison baits.

780
01:32:12,887 --> 01:32:15,959
1080 is colourless,
odourless and tasteless,

781
01:32:16,103 --> 01:32:19,503
causing slow, agonising
deaths to all its victims.

782
01:32:24,725 --> 01:32:25,741
Dogs

783
01:32:25,818 --> 01:32:28,152
Used for pets, entertainment,
scientific research, clothing

784
01:32:28,281 --> 01:32:30,583
While Australia, the EU and the US

785
01:32:30,608 --> 01:32:33,671
have banned the import
of dog and cat fur,

786
01:32:33,696 --> 01:32:36,734
investigations show that
Chinese dog and cat fur

787
01:32:36,759 --> 01:32:39,718
is frequently mislabelled
as fox, rabbit or mink.

788
01:32:39,743 --> 01:32:43,448
Each year in China, around
2 million dogs and cats

789
01:32:43,473 --> 01:32:47,023
are bred, stolen from homes,
or taken from the street,

790
01:32:47,062 --> 01:32:48,662
squeezed into wire cages

791
01:32:48,687 --> 01:32:52,115
and sometimes transported for
days without food or water,

792
01:32:52,139 --> 01:32:55,558
to be hanged, bled, beaten
or strangled to death

793
01:32:55,584 --> 01:32:57,117
or even skinned alive.

794
01:33:17,957 --> 01:33:21,648
Around 450,000 puppies are
sold in Australia each year.

795
01:33:21,906 --> 01:33:25,404
Around 85% come from
unregistered breeders,

796
01:33:25,445 --> 01:33:27,641
but with minimal oversight in place,

797
01:33:27,666 --> 01:33:30,640
even the registered breeders
may operate puppy factories,

798
01:33:30,698 --> 01:33:33,440
churning out both pure
and mixed-breed puppies

799
01:33:33,465 --> 01:33:35,732
for sale in pet stores or online.

800
01:33:37,944 --> 01:33:39,834
In these factories it can be entirely legal

801
01:33:39,859 --> 01:33:43,269
to keep a mother dog confined
to a barren concrete cell

802
01:33:43,294 --> 01:33:48,132
in a shed for 23 hours a day,
continually reimpregnated.

803
01:34:17,858 --> 01:34:20,116
They are denied love and companionship,

804
01:34:20,571 --> 01:34:22,756
treated instead as breeding machines.

805
01:34:24,164 --> 01:34:27,095
These cute puppies, sold
for thousands of dollars,

806
01:34:27,120 --> 01:34:30,186
often suffer from diseases
or other health conditions,

807
01:34:30,226 --> 01:34:32,336
or behavioural difficulties,

808
01:34:32,361 --> 01:34:35,812
as a result of the conditions
they were exposed to in the farm

809
01:34:35,864 --> 01:34:38,425
and generations of selective breeding.

810
01:34:39,442 --> 01:34:40,594
"Hi, how are you"

811
01:34:40,905 --> 01:34:43,141
"Yeah, good. Will you be getting
more of the golden retrievers in?"

812
01:34:43,166 --> 01:34:48,796
"Ah, yes, golden retrievers if I'm not
mistaken will be this coming Saturday"

813
01:34:48,871 --> 01:34:50,528
"This coming Saturday? Ah okay"

814
01:34:50,553 --> 01:34:52,748
"And... where do they come from?
Are they from a..."

815
01:34:52,852 --> 01:34:54,617
"We have our own breeder"

816
01:34:54,669 --> 01:34:56,077
"Are they a puppy farm?"

817
01:34:56,110 --> 01:34:57,270
"Obviously no."

818
01:35:03,113 --> 01:35:04,846
"Oh they're so beautiful!"

819
01:35:06,324 --> 01:35:07,385
"And it's a good breeder?"

820
01:35:07,410 --> 01:35:08,833
"Yeah, definitely, they're registered"

821
01:35:08,858 --> 01:35:11,544
"So it's not like... I've been hearing
bad things about puppy farms...

822
01:35:11,569 --> 01:35:12,848
It's not a puppy farm?"
"Obviously no."

823
01:35:12,873 --> 01:35:15,655
"Puppy farms you will get
puppies really sick"

824
01:35:15,820 --> 01:35:16,868
"Sick puppies."

825
01:35:27,232 --> 01:35:33,256
Meanwhile, an estimated 200-250,000
surrendered or stray dogs and cats

826
01:35:33,281 --> 01:35:37,480
are euthanised each year in shelters
and pounds across the country,

827
01:35:37,505 --> 01:35:40,638
the vast majority of them
healthy but unwanted.

828
01:35:54,140 --> 01:35:58,009
Despite numerous widely publicised
scandals in recent years,

829
01:35:58,034 --> 01:36:01,069
greyhound racing continues
to be a large and powerful

830
01:36:01,094 --> 01:36:04,974
gambling and entertainment industry
in Australia and around the world.

831
01:36:04,999 --> 01:36:07,468
The rapid acceleration and extreme speed

832
01:36:07,493 --> 01:36:10,655
at which these large dogs
chase the lure around a track

833
01:36:10,786 --> 01:36:13,931
inevitably results in
collisions, falls and injuries,

834
01:36:14,113 --> 01:36:18,476
the most frequent being muscle tears,
ligament ruptures and tarsal fractures.

835
01:36:18,945 --> 01:36:22,854
Each week on Australian tracks up
to 200 dogs are reported injured

836
01:36:23,218 --> 01:36:26,638
with an estimated 6 to 10
greyhounds either dying on track

837
01:36:26,857 --> 01:36:28,653
or being put down afterwards.

838
01:36:28,979 --> 01:36:32,538
Greyhounds have a natural
lifespan of 12-14 years.

839
01:36:32,563 --> 01:36:36,724
Racing greyhounds begin their
‘careers’ at around 18 months of age,

840
01:36:36,855 --> 01:36:39,693
and finish by the time they
are 4 and a half years old.

841
01:36:39,858 --> 01:36:41,411
In New South Wales they have a career

842
01:36:41,436 --> 01:36:45,445
that lasts, on average, for only 363 days.

843
01:36:45,713 --> 01:36:51,211
Between 13,000 and 17,000 young greyhounds
are killed annually in Australia.

844
01:36:51,290 --> 01:36:54,042
Of the 97000 greyhounds
bred in New South Wales

845
01:36:54,067 --> 01:36:56,830
in the 12 year period to 2016,

846
01:36:57,005 --> 01:37:01,430
50-70% or more were killed because
they were considered too slow

847
01:37:01,455 --> 01:37:03,351
or unsuitable for racing.

848
01:37:03,605 --> 01:37:05,187
There is a growing body of evidence

849
01:37:05,212 --> 01:37:08,209
showing greyhounds are frequently
killed in inhumane ways,

850
01:37:08,234 --> 01:37:11,718
with trainers preferring the cheaper
option of gunshot or bludgeoning

851
01:37:11,744 --> 01:37:13,863
over paying for a vet to euthanise.

852
01:37:14,157 --> 01:37:17,390
The dogs’ bodies may then be dumped
in pits on private properties

853
01:37:17,415 --> 01:37:19,082
or scattered in bushland.

854
01:37:20,654 --> 01:37:24,263
The use of live animals as bait when
training greyhounds to chase the lure,

855
01:37:24,288 --> 01:37:26,966
though illegal, has been
found to be widespread,

856
01:37:26,991 --> 01:37:29,751
with a 2015 New South Wales Inquiry

857
01:37:29,776 --> 01:37:32,675
being told that 85 to
90 percent of trainers

858
01:37:32,700 --> 01:37:34,300
engage in the practice.

859
01:37:46,502 --> 01:37:51,567
Untold numbers of terrified piglets,
rabbits, possums, chickens and kittens

860
01:37:51,592 --> 01:37:53,576
have been torn apart for
the sake of teaching

861
01:37:53,601 --> 01:37:57,334
otherwise gentle, sleepy
animals to run around a track.

862
01:37:58,869 --> 01:37:59,938
Horses

863
01:38:00,042 --> 01:38:01,705
Used for entertainment, scientific
research, pharmaceuticals, food

864
01:38:01,851 --> 01:38:05,423
Horses are not skeletally mature
until around 5 years of age,

865
01:38:05,443 --> 01:38:08,431
but commonly their racing careers
begin when they’re only 2

866
01:38:08,456 --> 01:38:10,276
due to the lure of higher prize money

867
01:38:10,301 --> 01:38:12,342
and a quicker return on investment.

868
01:38:12,819 --> 01:38:15,273
This drastically increases
the risk of injuries,

869
01:38:15,298 --> 01:38:17,941
with up to 80% suffering
from shin soreness,

870
01:38:17,966 --> 01:38:19,779
or dorsal metacarpal disease.

871
01:38:20,427 --> 01:38:23,042
Post-race examinations have
found a high prevalence

872
01:38:23,067 --> 01:38:25,234
of blood in the horses'
windpipes and lungs,

873
01:38:25,258 --> 01:38:28,720
along with an increasing frequency
and severity of stomach ulcers

874
01:38:28,745 --> 01:38:31,006
as training and racing progressed.

875
01:38:31,970 --> 01:38:35,637
On the track, they are painfully
whipped to encourage greater speeds.

876
01:38:35,638 --> 01:38:38,962
Race rules limit whipping in the
earlier stages of the race,

877
01:38:38,962 --> 01:38:41,334
but in the last hundred metres
when the horses are fatigued

878
01:38:41,358 --> 01:38:43,983
and less able to respond,
there are no limits

879
01:38:44,009 --> 01:38:46,835
and they are often whipped
relentlessly until the finish line.

880
01:38:47,666 --> 01:38:51,875
Jumps racing is statistically 19 times
more dangerous than flat racing,

881
01:38:51,900 --> 01:38:54,377
with violent falls a regular occurrence.

882
01:39:04,048 --> 01:39:06,717
Roughly half of the horses
involved in jumps races

883
01:39:06,742 --> 01:39:08,666
each year in Australia disappear,

884
01:39:08,691 --> 01:39:11,555
quietly exiting the industry
in unknown circumstances,

885
01:39:11,580 --> 01:39:13,762
never to race or be heard from again,

886
01:39:13,787 --> 01:39:15,120
or killed on track,

887
01:39:15,145 --> 01:39:18,271
with green screens erected to
obscure the view of racegoers.

888
01:39:33,119 --> 01:39:37,754
Nationally, 11-12,000 racing horses
are newly registered each year,

889
01:39:37,779 --> 01:39:39,794
while roughly the same
number leave the industry,

890
01:39:39,819 --> 01:39:44,590
largely as a result of poor performance,
unsuitable temperaments or injuries.

891
01:39:45,400 --> 01:39:46,905
Many of these end up at knackeries,

892
01:39:46,950 --> 01:39:50,351
where they are killed for pet food
or to feed racing greyhounds.

893
01:39:53,214 --> 01:39:56,747
Others end up at one of two
licensed horse abattoirs

894
01:39:56,772 --> 01:39:59,295
that export horsemeat
for human consumption.

895
01:40:16,443 --> 01:40:18,576
Horses are also used in rodeos.

896
01:40:44,985 --> 01:40:45,985
Camels

897
01:40:46,053 --> 01:40:49,616
Used for entertainment, clothing,
scientific research, phermaceuticals, food

898
01:40:49,875 --> 01:40:53,738
Camels were brought to Australia in
the 1800s to be used for transport,

899
01:40:53,803 --> 01:40:57,002
then released into the wild following
the advent of automobiles.

900
01:40:57,160 --> 01:41:01,320
By 2008, their population was
estimated at around 600,000,

901
01:41:01,443 --> 01:41:03,886
leading the government to
establish a culling project

902
01:41:03,970 --> 01:41:06,197
that effectively halved their numbers,

903
01:41:06,222 --> 01:41:08,797
primarily by shooting them from helicopters

904
01:41:08,822 --> 01:41:12,110
but also by rounding them up and
trucking them to slaughterhouses

905
01:41:12,135 --> 01:41:14,776
for export to the United
States and Middle East,

906
01:41:14,801 --> 01:41:16,515
a practice which continues today.

907
01:41:18,024 --> 01:41:22,028
Having spent their entire lives
roaming freely without human contact,

908
01:41:22,053 --> 01:41:24,123
the sudden confinement
and forceful handling

909
01:41:24,148 --> 01:41:25,736
is completely foreign to them.

910
01:41:38,457 --> 01:41:39,233
"Little bit angry"

911
01:41:39,258 --> 01:41:40,931
"Yeah he's fuckin' angry as, mate"

912
01:41:42,147 --> 01:41:44,357
"Well go fuckin' forward you dumb cunt"

913
01:42:03,574 --> 01:42:05,962
An increasing number of
camels caught in the wild

914
01:42:05,987 --> 01:42:09,167
are being diverted to camel
dairies, an expanding industry

915
01:42:09,192 --> 01:42:12,123
that promotes itself as a healthier
alternative to cow milk products

916
01:42:12,150 --> 01:42:15,022
and a less wasteful alternative
to aerial culling.

917
01:42:18,235 --> 01:42:19,235
Mice

918
01:42:19,303 --> 01:42:21,569
Used for scientific research, pets

919
01:42:21,980 --> 01:42:23,757
Between 6 and 10 million animals

920
01:42:23,782 --> 01:42:27,395
are used for research and testing
purposes in Australia every year,

921
01:42:27,511 --> 01:42:29,426
including 1-2 million mice.

922
01:42:30,061 --> 01:42:34,208
Many of these experiments involve live
surgical procedures without pain relief,

923
01:42:34,233 --> 01:42:36,500
or exposure to toxins or diseases.

924
01:42:37,441 --> 01:42:41,032
Ultimately, all mice subjected to
research or testing will be killed,

925
01:42:41,057 --> 01:42:43,448
as they cannot legally be
released from the lab.

926
01:42:43,643 --> 01:42:47,661
Carbon dioxide gassing, or overdosing
with the anaesthetic isoflurane

927
01:42:47,686 --> 01:42:50,544
through gas or injection, are
two common ways of killing mice

928
01:42:50,569 --> 01:42:52,492
when they have served their purpose.

929
01:43:12,982 --> 01:43:15,753
These days, scientific
exploration and discovery

930
01:43:15,818 --> 01:43:18,269
deals with nuances of human physiology,

931
01:43:18,314 --> 01:43:20,683
of which animals are not
appropriate models.

932
01:43:20,945 --> 01:43:24,924
A 2015 study by The National Institutes
of Health in the United States

933
01:43:24,950 --> 01:43:27,686
found that a staggering 95% of all drugs

934
01:43:27,730 --> 01:43:30,664
that are shown to be safe and
effective in animal testing

935
01:43:30,691 --> 01:43:32,758
go on to fail in human trials.

936
01:43:33,022 --> 01:43:35,764
Uncritical reliance on the
results of animal tests

937
01:43:35,808 --> 01:43:38,619
in disregard of potentially
more accurate alternatives

938
01:43:38,707 --> 01:43:40,538
utilising human tissue and cells,

939
01:43:40,563 --> 01:43:43,722
cadavers, simulators and
computational models,

940
01:43:43,792 --> 01:43:47,399
may have cost the health and lives
of tens of thousands of humans…

941
01:43:47,719 --> 01:43:49,386
and billions of animals.

942
01:43:51,503 --> 01:43:52,687
Exotic animals

943
01:43:52,712 --> 01:43:55,159
Used for scientific research, entertainment

944
01:43:55,461 --> 01:43:58,394
Hundreds of macaques,
marmosets and baboons

945
01:43:58,420 --> 01:44:01,544
are provided annually to
Australian research laboratories

946
01:44:01,569 --> 01:44:04,245
by three government-funded
breeding facilities.

947
01:44:04,270 --> 01:44:07,236
Hidden from public sight
behind intense security,

948
01:44:07,261 --> 01:44:11,011
these laboratories carry out a
variety of biomedical experiments

949
01:44:11,036 --> 01:44:14,444
on these highly intelligent
animals before discarding them.

950
01:44:14,574 --> 01:44:17,058
Other primates are held
captive in circuses,

951
01:44:17,083 --> 01:44:19,680
where they are released from the
extreme boredom of their cage

952
01:44:19,705 --> 01:44:21,772
only to perform for spectators…

953
01:44:24,556 --> 01:44:26,400
or, in zoos.

954
01:45:02,720 --> 01:45:06,631
Captive lions and tigers in
Australia serve the same purpose,

955
01:45:06,656 --> 01:45:09,300
living a life of boredom and frustration

956
01:45:09,325 --> 01:45:11,428
for the entertainment of paying visitors.

957
01:45:17,310 --> 01:45:21,662
While on the surface, exhibits showcasing
these and other exotic animals

958
01:45:21,687 --> 01:45:25,696
may inspire wonder and excitement,
few patrons observe long enough

959
01:45:25,721 --> 01:45:28,415
to recognise the repetitiveness
of their behaviour,

960
01:45:28,532 --> 01:45:33,146
signs of a psychological condition
common across all animals in captivity,

961
01:45:33,171 --> 01:45:34,641
dubbed zoochosis.

962
01:45:36,420 --> 01:45:38,640
In the tropical heat of Queensland,

963
01:45:38,665 --> 01:45:42,326
Sea World hosts Australia’s
only captive polar bears.

964
01:45:42,351 --> 01:45:44,548
These animals are naturally adapted

965
01:45:44,573 --> 01:45:47,595
for freezing Arctic conditions
and have been found in the wild

966
01:45:47,620 --> 01:45:51,245
to swim over 70km in only 24 hours

967
01:45:51,270 --> 01:45:55,117
with an average travel
range of 3000km per year.

968
01:45:55,414 --> 01:45:57,449
Here, they are confined to an enclosure

969
01:45:57,474 --> 01:46:01,416
roughly 30 by 40 metres wide
for their entire lives.

970
01:46:09,916 --> 01:46:11,478
Seals and dolphins

971
01:46:11,531 --> 01:46:13,431
Used for entertainment

972
01:46:19,467 --> 01:46:22,067
Seal shows are a popular
attraction at zoos,

973
01:46:22,092 --> 01:46:25,999
with seals taught to perform tricks for
food in front of a large audience.

974
01:46:26,148 --> 01:46:28,762
"And that's a guarantee that your
seafood comes from a fishery

975
01:46:28,787 --> 01:46:32,276
that helps protect fish stocks,
jobs, and the environment."

976
01:46:32,301 --> 01:46:35,773
Off stage, they languish in small
pens like any other zoo animal,

977
01:46:35,798 --> 01:46:39,877
swimming constantly in repetitive
circles or crying out in distress.

978
01:46:47,109 --> 01:46:52,396
In the wild, dolphins are known to
travel up to 65km – 40 miles – a day,

979
01:46:52,421 --> 01:46:55,030
and are constantly on the
move – foraging for food,

980
01:46:55,055 --> 01:46:57,246
playing and fighting within their pods.

981
01:46:57,403 --> 01:46:59,513
They share with humans and great apes alone

982
01:46:59,538 --> 01:47:03,492
the trait of self-awareness, with
evidence of intuition and empathy.

983
01:47:03,773 --> 01:47:05,596
There is no captive situation

984
01:47:05,621 --> 01:47:09,215
that can provide for all the behavioural
needs of these highly intelligent,

985
01:47:09,240 --> 01:47:11,394
cognitively complex animals.

986
01:47:11,419 --> 01:47:14,321
Around 80% of Sea World
Australia’s dolphins

987
01:47:14,346 --> 01:47:17,097
have been bred in captivity
and can never be released,

988
01:47:17,141 --> 01:47:21,187
their entire lives spent performing
daily for the reward of food.

989
01:47:21,637 --> 01:47:23,976
Achieving the right level
of hunger prior to shows

990
01:47:24,001 --> 01:47:27,181
is a crucial consideration
for a good performance,

991
01:47:27,462 --> 01:47:31,026
in what is arguably the park’s
most popular attraction.

992
01:47:31,495 --> 01:47:36,023
With over $133 million in
admission fees annually,

993
01:47:36,048 --> 01:47:38,503
less than 1 percent is spent on their

994
01:47:38,528 --> 01:47:42,743
heavily promoted research, rescue
and rehabilitation initiatives.

995
01:47:43,871 --> 01:47:46,804
Australia’s federal
government ruled in 1985

996
01:47:46,829 --> 01:47:49,002
that no more dolphinariums
be established,

997
01:47:49,092 --> 01:47:51,174
and that existing ones
should be phased out,

998
01:47:51,199 --> 01:47:54,018
after receiving evidence
that cetaceans in captivity

999
01:47:54,043 --> 01:47:58,017
suffer from stress, behavioural
abnormalities, breeding problems,

1000
01:47:58,042 --> 01:48:00,679
high mortality rates and shorter lifespans,

1001
01:48:00,747 --> 01:48:04,676
even though at initial glance they may
seem content with their conditions.

1002
01:48:05,455 --> 01:48:07,594
Today, just two facilities remain,

1003
01:48:07,619 --> 01:48:10,157
able to continue operating
because of a loophole

1004
01:48:10,182 --> 01:48:13,621
that allowed them to keep and
display animals born in captivity,

1005
01:48:13,646 --> 01:48:16,672
including those bred from
rescued wild dolphins

1006
01:48:16,697 --> 01:48:20,415
who themselves are required to
be rehabilitated and released.

1007
01:48:20,527 --> 01:48:23,377
This practice of rescuing,
breeding and releasing

1008
01:48:23,402 --> 01:48:25,962
allows these parks to
keep the gene pool strong

1009
01:48:25,987 --> 01:48:30,362
to ensure their shows can continue
and their gates can remain open.

1010
01:48:32,666 --> 01:48:34,801
While Australian dolphin parks are unable

1011
01:48:34,846 --> 01:48:39,060
to capture and import healthy wild
dolphins, this remains a reality

1012
01:48:39,085 --> 01:48:42,009
of the animal entertainment
industry elsewhere in the world,

1013
01:48:42,034 --> 01:48:46,248
with the coastal Japanese town of
Taiji a common point of capture.

1014
01:48:46,397 --> 01:48:48,684
Every year from September to March,

1015
01:48:48,709 --> 01:48:51,661
thousands of dolphins and
other small cetaceans

1016
01:48:51,686 --> 01:48:54,551
are herded into a quiet cove at Taiji

1017
01:48:54,576 --> 01:48:57,144
and brutally slaughtered
by local fishermen,

1018
01:48:57,169 --> 01:49:00,509
who see them either as a
source of income or as pests.

1019
01:49:00,535 --> 01:49:03,630
Dolphin trainers have been
observed assisting fishermen

1020
01:49:03,656 --> 01:49:04,926
in herding the dolphins,

1021
01:49:04,951 --> 01:49:07,710
picking out a select few to
be spared from the slaughter

1022
01:49:07,737 --> 01:49:12,223
and instead transported to aquariums
and dolphin parks around the world.

1023
01:49:16,395 --> 01:49:19,182
If the greatness of a nation
and its moral progress

1024
01:49:19,207 --> 01:49:21,808
can be judged by the way
its animals are treated…

1025
01:49:21,833 --> 01:49:24,166
what does that say about Australia?

1026
01:49:27,905 --> 01:49:29,703
What does it say
about New Zealand?

1027
01:49:33,417 --> 01:49:34,617
The United States?

1028
01:49:39,098 --> 01:49:40,098
Canada?

1029
01:49:41,879 --> 01:49:42,879
Mexico?

1030
01:49:45,113 --> 01:49:46,379
The United Kingdom?

1031
01:49:48,157 --> 01:49:49,157
Israel?

1032
01:49:51,060 --> 01:49:52,060
Spain?

1033
01:49:54,557 --> 01:49:57,223
What does it say about
us, as a species?

1034
01:49:58,592 --> 01:50:03,592
In our entire recorded history, 619
million humans have been killed by war.

1035
01:50:04,391 --> 01:50:07,466
We kill the same number
of animals every 3 days,

1036
01:50:07,755 --> 01:50:10,727
and this isn’t even including
fish and other sea creatures

1037
01:50:10,752 --> 01:50:13,678
whose deaths are so great they
are only measured in tonnes.

1038
01:50:24,074 --> 01:50:27,064
But before we kill them,
we have to breed them…

1039
01:50:29,877 --> 01:50:31,611
Confine and exploit them,

1040
01:50:32,097 --> 01:50:33,145
for food...

1041
01:50:34,552 --> 01:50:35,619
entertainment...

1042
01:50:37,265 --> 01:50:38,265
clothing...

1043
01:50:39,930 --> 01:50:41,028
and research.

1044
01:50:42,186 --> 01:50:44,853
Their entire lives, from birth to death,

1045
01:50:44,879 --> 01:50:48,278
are controlled by industries
who care only for profit.

1046
01:50:50,096 --> 01:50:51,326
An empire...

1047
01:50:52,015 --> 01:50:53,098
of suffering...

1048
01:50:53,508 --> 01:50:54,603
and blood.

1049
01:50:55,204 --> 01:50:59,074
Paid for by consumers who are told
that their treatment was ethical.

1050
01:50:59,285 --> 01:51:01,712
Free range, local, organic.

1051
01:51:01,790 --> 01:51:03,748
That their deaths were humane,

1052
01:51:03,800 --> 01:51:07,112
that cruelty to animals doesn’t
happen here in our country,

1053
01:51:07,316 --> 01:51:10,394
and if it does, our
government, our authorities,

1054
01:51:10,419 --> 01:51:12,486
will find it and stamp it out.

1055
01:51:13,268 --> 01:51:16,907
And us, as consumers, have little
reason to think otherwise,

1056
01:51:17,539 --> 01:51:20,055
because to eat and use animals is normal,

1057
01:51:20,134 --> 01:51:21,601
we’ve done it forever.

1058
01:51:22,176 --> 01:51:25,465
Because the products for
sale on supermarket shelves

1059
01:51:25,591 --> 01:51:28,850
are so far removed from the
individuals who once existed,

1060
01:51:28,981 --> 01:51:30,412
some only briefly,

1061
01:51:30,821 --> 01:51:33,021
some for years without reprieve.

1062
01:51:34,263 --> 01:51:38,798
Individuals who share with us and our
companion animals we love so dearly,

1063
01:51:38,876 --> 01:51:41,374
our capacity to feel love.

1064
01:51:42,900 --> 01:51:43,900
Happiness.

1065
01:51:46,700 --> 01:51:48,290
Grief and mourning.

1066
01:51:49,371 --> 01:51:52,238
Who share with us, our capacity to suffer.

1067
01:51:58,932 --> 01:52:00,927
Our desire to live,

1068
01:52:01,588 --> 01:52:02,588
to be free,

1069
01:52:05,735 --> 01:52:07,468
to be seen not as objects,

1070
01:52:08,061 --> 01:52:10,154
not for our utility to others,

1071
01:52:10,179 --> 01:52:12,943
but for who we are
as individuals.

1072
01:52:13,324 --> 01:52:14,842
Beings in our own right,

1073
01:52:14,867 --> 01:52:16,639
not units of production.

1074
01:52:16,664 --> 01:52:17,862
Not stock.

1075
01:52:17,887 --> 01:52:21,154
He, she, and they, not “it”.

1076
01:52:22,357 --> 01:52:23,460
The truth is,

1077
01:52:23,563 --> 01:52:26,696
there is no humane way to kill
someone who wants to live.

1078
01:52:27,493 --> 01:52:29,582
It is not a question of treatment,

1079
01:52:29,634 --> 01:52:31,706
or better ways of doing the wrong thing.

1080
01:52:32,025 --> 01:52:34,825
Bigger cages, smaller
stocking densities,

1081
01:52:34,853 --> 01:52:36,253
or less painful gas.

1082
01:52:38,566 --> 01:52:41,009
We tell ourselves that they
have lived good lives,

1083
01:52:41,034 --> 01:52:42,879
and in the end, they
don’t know what’s coming

1084
01:52:42,932 --> 01:52:44,233
and don’t feel a thing.

1085
01:52:44,696 --> 01:52:45,696
But they do.

1086
01:52:45,828 --> 01:52:48,384
In their final hours, minutes and seconds,

1087
01:52:48,409 --> 01:52:51,233
there is always fear, there is always pain.

1088
01:52:51,560 --> 01:52:52,806
The smells of blood.

1089
01:52:54,000 --> 01:52:56,276
The screaming of other
members of their species,

1090
01:52:56,445 --> 01:52:58,598
with whom they have shared their lives.

1091
01:52:59,254 --> 01:53:01,551
Never a willingness or desire to die,

1092
01:53:02,005 --> 01:53:04,054
but rather, a desperation to live,

1093
01:53:05,121 --> 01:53:07,476
a frantic fight to their last breath.

1094
01:53:08,393 --> 01:53:10,625
And never are they shown mercy or kindness,

1095
01:53:10,807 --> 01:53:11,873
instead mocked,

1096
01:53:13,122 --> 01:53:14,277
laughed at,

1097
01:53:15,027 --> 01:53:15,887
kicked,

1098
01:53:15,912 --> 01:53:16,767
beaten,

1099
01:53:20,297 --> 01:53:21,528
tossed like ragdolls,

1100
01:53:21,553 --> 01:53:24,949
or sent into a mincer because
they were born the wrong sex.

1101
01:53:26,434 --> 01:53:28,034
We take their children.

1102
01:53:29,474 --> 01:53:30,941
We take their freedom.

1103
01:53:32,671 --> 01:53:34,005
We take their lives,

1104
01:53:34,141 --> 01:53:37,038
sending them healthy and
whole into a slaughterhouse

1105
01:53:37,063 --> 01:53:39,936
to come out as packaged
pieces on the other side,

1106
01:53:40,165 --> 01:53:43,335
and we tell ourselves that
somehow, along the way,

1107
01:53:43,360 --> 01:53:45,816
something humane and ethical happened.

1108
01:53:46,459 --> 01:53:48,798
And in the process, we harm ourselves.

1109
01:53:48,838 --> 01:53:52,040
"The World Health Organisation
publishing a report this morning

1110
01:53:52,065 --> 01:53:55,213
on the dangers of processed
and red meat..."

1111
01:53:55,754 --> 01:53:57,228
We destroy our environment,

1112
01:53:57,253 --> 01:54:02,426
emitting through animal agriculture more
greenhouse gases than any other industry,

1113
01:54:02,540 --> 01:54:05,704
tearing down our forests and
slaughtering our native animals

1114
01:54:05,729 --> 01:54:07,331
to make room for farms.

1115
01:54:08,958 --> 01:54:11,442
The world’s cattle alone
consume a quantity of food

1116
01:54:11,466 --> 01:54:15,306
equal to the caloric needs
of 8.7 billion humans,

1117
01:54:15,842 --> 01:54:19,636
and yet one in nine
humans – 795 million –

1118
01:54:19,881 --> 01:54:25,111
suffer from chronic undernourishment,
and 844 million lack clean water

1119
01:54:25,344 --> 01:54:28,944
while 1000 litres are used
to produce 1 litre of milk

1120
01:54:28,969 --> 01:54:32,217
and 15,000 litres for one kilogram of beef.

1121
01:54:33,364 --> 01:54:36,697
And yet we continue to
justify animal agriculture

1122
01:54:36,722 --> 01:54:40,485
by claiming that it’s normal,
necessary and natural.

1123
01:54:40,510 --> 01:54:43,416
That the animal kingdom, or
certain species within it,

1124
01:54:43,520 --> 01:54:48,139
are inferior to ourselves, because they
lack our specific type of intelligence,

1125
01:54:48,164 --> 01:54:51,126
because they’re weaker and
cannot defend themselves.

1126
01:54:51,179 --> 01:54:53,976
We believe that, in our
apparent superiority,

1127
01:54:54,028 --> 01:54:57,798
we have earned the right to exercise
power, authority and dominion

1128
01:54:57,823 --> 01:55:02,784
over those we perceive to be inferior,
for our own short-sighted ends.

1129
01:55:03,754 --> 01:55:06,879
It is a justification that
has been used before.

1130
01:55:07,259 --> 01:55:09,492
By the white man, to
enslave the black,

1131
01:55:09,517 --> 01:55:11,674
or to take their land and their children.

1132
01:55:12,460 --> 01:55:14,727
By the Nazis, to murder the Jews.

1133
01:55:15,356 --> 01:55:17,679
By men, to silence and oppress women.

1134
01:55:19,129 --> 01:55:22,088
Are we doomed to repeat
history over and over?

1135
01:55:22,812 --> 01:55:26,197
Does this superiority complex,
this pure selfishness,

1136
01:55:26,222 --> 01:55:28,483
define who we are as a species?

1137
01:55:29,109 --> 01:55:31,458
Or are we capable of something more?

1138
01:55:32,796 --> 01:55:36,413
"You have just dined, and however
scrupulously the slaughterhouse is

1139
01:55:36,457 --> 01:55:40,215
concealed in the graceful distance
of miles, there is complicity."

1140
01:55:47,051 --> 01:55:49,784
Written, directed, edited and produced by

1141
01:55:51,598 --> 01:55:54,379
Assistant Director

1142
01:56:01,043 --> 01:56:04,238
Narrated by

1143
01:56:05,561 --> 01:56:08,995
"We just got back to the motel and
watched the footage from today

1144
01:56:09,020 --> 01:56:11,562
from the slaughterhouse holding
pens, with the newborn goat,

1145
01:56:11,587 --> 01:56:14,104
and we think there's a chance he may
still be alive so we're going back"

1146
01:56:15,113 --> 01:56:17,660
Original score

1147
01:56:31,512 --> 01:56:34,527
Primary investigators

1148
01:56:39,286 --> 01:56:43,316
National investigative team

1149
01:56:53,103 --> 01:56:56,324
Co-producer

1150
01:56:57,606 --> 01:57:00,308
Assistant producers

1151
01:57:09,793 --> 01:57:12,730
Executive producers

1152
01:57:13,652 --> 01:57:16,941
Executive producers

1153
01:57:19,003 --> 01:57:21,863
2:30am

1154
01:57:25,715 --> 01:57:28,394
Executive producers

1155
01:57:29,473 --> 01:57:32,176
Executive producers

1156
01:57:33,926 --> 01:57:36,316
5:50am

1157
01:57:38,051 --> 01:57:40,785
Executive producers

1158
01:57:45,153 --> 01:57:46,863
8:30am

1159
01:57:53,543 --> 01:57:55,879
Executive producers

1160
01:57:57,309 --> 01:57:59,605
Associate producers

1161
01:58:04,332 --> 01:58:06,644
Associate producers

1162
01:58:14,496 --> 01:58:16,637
Principal photography

1163
01:58:24,352 --> 01:58:26,660
Research

1164
01:58:28,228 --> 01:58:29,965
Slaughter statistics
Script assistance

1165
01:58:29,990 --> 01:58:31,662
Narration audio enhancement

1166
01:58:39,609 --> 01:58:44,457
Additional footage

1167
01:59:08,754 --> 01:59:14,058
Special thanks

1168
01:59:16,377 --> 01:59:19,269
... and the many anonymous investigators 
and rescuers on the front lines.

1169
01:59:19,308 --> 01:59:21,629
Proudly supported by Voiceless: 
The Animal Protection Institute

1170
01:59:21,661 --> 01:59:24,496
Sanctuary scenes filmed at 
Edgar's Mission Farm Sanctuary

1171
01:59:24,934 --> 01:59:27,723
Funding contributors